Study selection and data collection
Two reviewers, YW and YFR, independently screened the titles and abstracts of all studies and subsequently reviewed the full texts to identify the included studies. The following data were extracted using forms specifically developed for this systematic evaluation: 1) general information such as authors, country, and year of publication, 2) study characteristics including study design, population characteristics (number of patients, age), components determined by the intervention technique, thresholds for the use of the intervention, and the gold standard, and 3) DTA measurements, such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), as well as a 2x2 table of columns reflecting the true number of positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. Calculated from the 2X2 column linkage table in the absence of DTA measurements and 95% confidence intervals provided by the authors[26-28]. Data extraction was done independently by YW and was confirmed through XL. Two additional reviewers, YW and YXZ, independently used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool[29] to assess the quality of the included studies. Any disagreements were resolved through consensus and discussion, with the involvement of a third reviewer, RFZ, if necessary.