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\title{Predicting the three-dimensional age-depth field of an ice rise}



\author[1]{A. Clara J. Henry}%
\author[1]{Clemens Schannwell}%
\author[2]{Vjeran Višnjević}%
\author[3]{Joanna Millstein}%
\author[4]{Paul D Bons}%
\author[5]{Olaf Eisen}%
\author[6]{Reinhard Drews}%
\affil[1]{Max Planck Institute for Meteorology}%
\affil[2]{University of Tübingen}%
\affil[3]{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}%
\affil[4]{Universität Tübingen}%
\affil[5]{Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research}%
\affil[6]{Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen}%


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  \date{May 07, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Ice rises situated around the perimeter of Antarctica buttress ice flow
and contain information about the past climate and changes in flow
regime. Moreover, ice rises contain convergent and divergent flow
regimes, and both floating and grounded ice over comparatively small
spatial scales, meaning they are ideal locations to study ice-flow
dynamics. Here, we introduce a new modelling framework that permits the
comparison between modelled and observed stratigraphy. A
thermo-mechanically coupled, isotropic, full Stokes ice flow model with
a dynamic grounding line is used (Elmer/Ice). The result is the
simulated age-depth field of a three-dimensional, steady-state ice rise
which is dynamically coupled to the surrounding ice shelf. Applying the
model to Derwael Ice Rise, results show a good match between observed
and modelled stratigraphy over most of the ice rise and predict
approximately 8000 year old ice at a depth of 95 \%. Differences in the
prediction of age between simulations using Glen's flow law exponents of
n=3 and n=4 are generally small (\textless{}5 \% over most areas). In
the ice rise shear zones, large differences in shear strain rates in the
velocity direction are found between the n=3 and the n=4 simulations.
Our simulations indicate that a Glen's flow law exponent of n=4 may be
better suited when modelling ice rises due to a steady-state geometry
which is closer to the observed geometry. Our three-dimensional
modelling framework can easily be transferred to other ice rises and has
relevance for researchers interested in ice core dating and
understanding ice-flow re-organisation.%
\end{abstract}%



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