Structural basis of the American mink ACE2 binding by Y453F trimeric
spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the
host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). While
evolutionarily conserved, ACE2 glycoproteins differ across various
species and differential interactions with Spike (S) glycoproteins of
SARS-CoV-2 viruses impact species specificity. Reverse zoonoses led to
SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on multiple American mink ( Mustela vison)
farms during the pandemic and gave rise to mink-associated S
substitutions known for transmissibility between mink and zoonotic
transmission to humans. In this study, we used bio-layer interferometry
(BLI) to discern the differences in binding affinity between multiple
human and mink-derived S glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their
respective ACE2 glycoproteins. Further, we conducted a structural
analysis of a mink variant S glycoprotein and American mink ACE2
(mvACE2) using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), revealing four
distinct conformations. We discovered a novel intermediary conformation
where the mvACE2 glycoprotein is bound to the receptor-binding domain
(RBD) of the S glycoprotein in a “down” position, approximately 34°
lower than previously reported “up” RBD. Finally, we compared residue
interactions in the S-ACE2 complex interface of S glycoprotein
conformations with varying RBD orientations. These findings provide
valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry.