This study compared three models–a literature-guided, a ChatGPT-assisted, and a data-driven model–all developed using Bayesian networks as the framework for predicting angler pressure measured by the number of boats observed in aerial surveys. The models used meteorological data from 98 lakes in Ontario, Canada, during 2018 and 2019, as well as angler-reported variables on online platforms, including the number of fishing trips, fishing duration, catch rate, and lake webpage views. Each model was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation, and the results showed no significant difference in predictive accuracy. All three models identified webpage views as a key predictor of the number of boats. These findings underscore the potential of AI-driven approaches, as the ChatGPT-assisted model performed on par with literature-guided and data-driven models, demonstrating its viability for ecological predictions.

This study was conducted to meet regulatory requirements under the Fisheries Act in Canada, specifically for a hydroelectric facility on the Yellowknife River in the Northwest Territories. The research focused on annual snorkel surveys of adfluvial fish and their spawning habitat below the facility. Initial observations of egg mortality, potentially due to overcrowding, prompted the investigation of natural and enhanced habitat for spawning Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush), lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis) and cisco ( Coregonus artedi) from 2016 to 2019. The design and composition of the installed habitat were based on fish utilization of the natural channel below the hydro facility and design principles from previous habitat rehabilitation projects for anadromous fishes. Pre- and post-enhancement data on egg density and survival were collected using 1 m 2 plots on both natural and artificially enhanced substrates. Three years of post-enhancement monitoring indicated higher egg densities and a greater proportion of live eggs in the artificially enhanced habitat compared to the natural habitat, with more pronounced trends observed for coregonids (lake whitefish and cisco) compared to lake trout. These findings suggest that habitat enhancement has the potential to enhance juvenile recruitment for adfluvial fish. A critical factor in the design was the substrate composition, providing adequate interstitial spaces for egg development and protection. This study represents the first documented attempt at habitat improvement in a regulated sub-Arctic river in Canada. The findings offer valuable guidance for stakeholders involved in new or existing development projects that require conservation actions to maintain fisheries productivity.