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\title{How atmospheric forcing frequency, horizontal and vertical grid
resolutions impact mesoscale eddy evolution in a numerical model~~}



\author[1]{Alexandre Barboni}%
\author[2]{alexandre stegner}%
\author[3]{Franck DUMAS}%
\author[4]{Xavier J. Carton}%
\affil[1]{École Polytechnique}%
\affil[2]{Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, IPSL}%
\affil[3]{SHOM}%
\affil[4]{Universite de Bretagne Occidentale}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 26, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Seasonal evolution of both surface signature and subsurface structure of
a Mediterranean mesoscale anticyclones is assessed using the CROCO
high-resolution numerical model with realistic background stratification
and fluxes. In good agreement with remote-sensing and in-situ
observations, our numerical simulations capture the seasonal cycle of
the anomalies induced by the anticyclone, both in the sea surface
temperature (SST) and in the mixed layer depth (MLD). The eddy signature
on the SST shifts from warm-core in winter to cold-core in summer, while
the MLD deepens significantly in the core of the anticyclone in late
winter. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the eddy SST anomaly can be
accurately reproduced only if the vertical resolution is high enough
(\textasciitilde{}4m in near surface) and if the atmospheric forcing
contains high-frequency. In summer with this configuration, the vertical
mixing parameterized by the k-epsilon closure scheme is three times
higher inside the eddy than outside the eddy, and leads to an
anticyclonic cold core SST anomaly. This differential mixing is
explained by near-inertial waves, triggered by the high-frequency
atmospheric forcing. Near-inertial waves propagate more energy inside
the eddy because of the lower effective Coriolis parameter in the
anticyclone core. On the other hand, eddy MLD anomaly appears more
sensitive to horizontal resolution, and requires SST retroaction on
air-sea fluxes. These results detail the need of high frequency forcing,
high vertical and horizontal resolutions to accurately reproduce the
evolution of a mesoscale eddy.%
\end{abstract}%



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