Conclusion
This study concluded that overexpression of CsGGCT2;1 in Camelina increased AsIII tolerance. Compared to WT, CsGGTC2;1 OE lines had significantly higher biomass, lower arsenic accumulation, better chlorophyll content, and lower MDA and ROS levels. The CsGGCT2;1OE lines had slightly higher levels of 5-OP and increased levels of theCsOXP1 gene, indicating a role of GGCT2;1 in increasing the rate of GSH recycling and enhancing survival under AsIII stress via improved GSH homeostasis. This research demonstrates the successful translation and applications of findings from the model plant Arabidopsis to Camelina, a dedicated biofuel crop. These results highlight the potential of modified plants to thrive under AsIII stress with reduced accumulation, thus enabling the cultivation of crops on contaminated marginal lands to ensure food safety and future food security.