References
1) Nie Z, Chen S, Lin J, Lin J, Dai S, Zhang C, Qi B, Qiu J, Ge J, Liu S. Inferior Vena Cava as a Trigger for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Incidence, Characteristics, and Implications. Journals of the American College of Cardiology:Clinical Electrophysiology. 2022;8:983-93.
2) Mansour M, Ruskin J, Keane D. Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating from the Ostium of the Inferior Vena Cava. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2003;13:1292-1295.
3) Scavée C, Jaïs P, Weerasooriya R, Haïssaguerre M. The inferior vena cava: an exceptional source of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2003;14:659-662.
4) Yamane T, Miyazaki H, Inada K, Matsuo S, Miyanaga S, Date T, Abe K, Sugimoto K, Mochizuki S. Focal source of atrial fibrillation arising from the ostium of the inferior vena cava. Circulation Journal. 2005;69:756-9.
5) Mizobuchi M, Enjoji Y, Shibata K, Funatsu A, Yokouchi I, Kambayashi D, Kobayashi T, Nakamura S. Focal ablation for atrial fibrillation originating from the inferior vena cava and the posterior left atrium. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology. 2006;16:131-134.
6) Alonso-Martín C, Mancebo S G, García B C, Ramos J G, Weidman Z M, Zurita F M, Quintero R M, Gutiérrez A B, Viñolas X, Font E R. Atrial Fibrillation Originating in the Inferior Vena Cava: A Typical Presentation of an Atypical Location. Journals of the American College of Cardiology : Case Reports.2021:3:1918-23.
7) Wakabayashi Y, Kobayashi M, Ichikawa T, Koyama T, Abe H. Ectopic discharge originating from the ostium of the inferior vena cava that is likely to cause atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol Cases. 2022;26:28-31.
8) Tao Y, Yang D, Chen L. Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Originating From the Inferior Vena Cava: A Case Report and Literature Review. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;9:935524.
9) Hashizume H, Ushiki T, Abe K. A histological study of the cardiac muscle of the human superior and inferior venae cavae. Archives of histology and cytology. 1995;58:457-64.
10) Kholová I, Kautzner J. Morphology of atrial myocardial extensions into human caval veins: a postmortem study in patients with and without atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;110:483-8.
11) Larsen WJ. Human embryology, 2nd edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
12) Hu J, Kuang W, Cui X, Li Y, Wu Y, Lin Q, Wang X. Concealed pulmonary vein bigeminy during sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a useful marker for pulmonary vein firing. Cardiol Res Pract. 2018;1834514.
13) Mukai Y, Kawai S, Inoue S, Takase S, Sakamoto K, Nagaoka K, Chishaki A, Tsutsui H. Bigeminal potentials in the pulmonary vein indicate arrhythmogenic trigger of atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2021;37:331-337.
14) Takasugi N, Kubota T, Okura H. Sinus impulse-triggered firing within the superior vena cava as an unusual cause of atrial bigeminy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019;30:2523-2524.