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\title{Science AMA Series: I'm Dr. Stephen Hinshaw, a professor of psychology
at UCSF/Berkeley. I study mental illness and how human societies use
stigma to deal with so-called ``aberrant'' behavior. AMA!}



\author[1]{Dr_Stephen_Hinshaw }%
\author[1]{r/Science AMAs}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{April 24, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Hi Reddit! Stigma is a Greek term, denoting a literal mark or brand
burned into the skin of members of groups deemed unfit for society. In
modern times most stigma is psychological, referring to the subtler but
still devastating ``mark'' of being part of an unfit group. Throughout
history and across cultures, many characteristics have been stigmatized,
from physical disability or minority status to sexual orientation and
mental illness. Some of these characteristics are overt and visible, but
others are potentially concealable. These kinds of hidden stigmas can be
especially troublesome, because the individuals in question may
constantly wonder whether their characteristics are ``leaking,'' adding
layers of tension and uncertainty to every social encounter. Research
has demonstrated that self-stigmatization predicts never getting engaged
in treatment for people with mental disorders---or dropping out
prematurely if treatment has begun. As cultures evolve, a number of
formerly stigmatized traits or attributes can become far more acceptable
(left-handedness was once considered disgraceful). Yet mental illness
and intellectual disability have received extremely harsh stigma
throughout history and across nearly all cultures. Theories abound as to
the persisting stigma of mental illness: *Encountering people who are
unpredictable threatens the observer's own stability *In hierarchical
societies, we tend to blame those `below' us for their own problems,
justifying our own, `higher' position *The sheer conditioning related to
common media portrayals of aggression and incompetence becomes deeply
entrenched *From an evolutionary perspective, signs of disease, low
social capital, and major cultural difference may trigger automatic
``exclusion modules.'' Indeed, mental illness is in many respects the
last frontier for human rights. I'm eager to discuss it. Here is a link
to a UCSF story about mental illness and stigma:
http://tiny.ucsf.edu/rt4P77 Here is a link to my lab and more of my
research: http://psychology.berkeley.edu/people/stephen-hinshaw Thanks
for the questions, it's 1:00 Eastern, and I'll now start in answering.
It's 3:00 Eastern, thanks for the remarkable questions\ldots{}sorry I
couldn't get to them all, I'm signing off for today!%
\end{abstract}%



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