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\title{Science AMA Series: we are Ken Caldeira, a professor and climate
scientist at Stanford University, and Ben van der Pluijm,
Editor-in-Chief of AGU's publication Earth's Future and professor at
University of Michigan. Ask Us Anything!}



\author[1]{AmGeophysicalU-AMA }%
\author[1]{r/Science AMAs}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{April 24, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Ben and Ken: Thanks for offering many great questions, Redditers. We
hope that our responses advanced the conversation about global climate
change and possible solutions that include climate engineering. We
certainly enjoyed this interaction. Signing off, Ken and Ben. Hi reddit!
I'm Ken Caldeira and I work on a broad array of issues including the
physical climate system, global energy systems, ocean acidification, and
geoengineering. With the exception of the ocean acidifcation work, all
of our research is based on performing simulations using computer
models. Solar geoengineering involves trying to cool the Earth by
deflecting some incoming sunlight away from our planet. Studies have
shown that actions like putting small particles in the stratosphere
could reflect some sunlight away from the Earth, potentially taking our
climate back to a point similar to pre-industrial revolution. Of course,
we know for sure about only one habitable planet, and toying around with
this planet at the required scale would pose great risks -- but allowing
the Earth to warm from our greenhouse gas emissions also poses grave
risks. Given that it is going to take time to transform our energy
system into one that does not dump its waste in the atmosphere, what is
the best path forward? I'm Ben van der Pluijm and I work in hazards
geology and societal impacts of global change. The goal of 2016's Paris
Agreement to limit global warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) is
ideal, but unlikely from voluntary greenhouse gas emission reductions
alone. Building on our remarkable history of engineering applications to
overcoming societal challenges, climate engineering should be included
as a viable solution for reducing the impacts of global warming. Climate
engineering takes two approaches: (1) Carbon dioxide removal, and (2)
solar radiation management. The former addresses the cause of climate
warming by removing greenhouse gas from the atmosphere (``treat the
illness''). The latter offsets the warming effects of greenhouse gases
by allowing Earth to absorb less solar radiation (``treat the
symptoms''). Given their worldwide impact, planning must occur on a
global scale, involving all nations, large and small, rich and poor, and
not be limited to a few technologically advanced, wealthy countries.
We're looking forward to answering questions about environmental change
and dealing with the impacts for human society, and whether various
geoengineering techniques could really be expected to reduce climate
damage and decrease damage to both ecosystems and people. We were here
from noon to 2 PM EST to answer your questions. Thanks for Asking Us
Anything!%
\end{abstract}%



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