\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{CJKutf8} 
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}

\title{Tracking volcanic plume thermal evolution and eruption source
unsteadiness in ground-based thermal imagery using spectral-clustering}



\author[1]{Colin Rowell}%
\author[1]{Mark Jellinek}%
\author[1]{Johanand Gilchrist}%
\affil[1]{University of British Columbia}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2026}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Volcanic eruption columns typically have unsteady source conditions,
where mass and heat fluxes from the vent evolve or fluctuate on time
scales from seconds to hours. However, integral plume models routinely
assume source conditions that are statistically stationary, and the
degree to which source unsteadiness influences the mechanics of column
rise and air entrainment has not been established with quantitative
predictions. We address this knowledge gap by examining eruptions with
varying unsteady character at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru. Using a novel
tracking algorithm based on spectral clustering, we track the
spatiotemporal evolution of coherent turbulent structures in columns
using ground-based, thermal infrared imagery. For turbulent structures
tracked in time and space, we calculate the power law decay exponent of
excess temperature with height. In general, the starting pulses of
transient events are characterized by power law exponents matching
theoretical predictions for an instantaneous point release of buoyancy
(i.e. a thermal), which evolve with sustained emissions to values
consistent with steady plumes. Our results support previous findings
from field evidence and laboratory experiments that entrainment and
gravitational stability in unsteady volcanic columns are inadequately
captured by time-averaging or constant entrainment coefficients. We
propose a quantitative definition for column source unsteadiness which
captures the timing and magnitude of source fluctuations on time scales
that influence entrainment mechanics, and which provisionally predicts
our observed differences in power law behavior. We argue for systematic
experimental and numerical studies of the relationship between source
unsteadiness and entrainment to develop unsteady entrainment
parameterizations for integral plume models.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{CJK}\end{document}

