An appropriate MXene nanosheet solution was diluted to 0.25 mg/ml for use. The tubular porous stainless steel modified with multi-walled CNTs was put into a homemade electrophoretic deposition (EPD) device containing the MXene solution to construct a membrane via electrophoresis. The schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the tubular MXene/SS membrane is shown in Figure 1B. The electrophoresis voltage was 5 V with electrophoresis time in the range of 0~5 min. The electrophoresis time could be controlled to adjust the desired membrane thickness.

FIGURE 1 Schematics of the fabrication processes of A) Ti₃C₂T_X MXene nanosheets and B) tubular MXene/SS membrane supported on the stainless steel.