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\begin{document}
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\title{Experience From the 2021 Floods in the Netherlands: Household Survey
Results on Impacts and Responses}



\author[1]{Thijs Endendijk}%
\author[1,2]{W J Wouter Botzen}%
\author[1]{Hans De Moel}%
\author[1,3]{Jeroen C J H Aerts}%
\author[1]{Sem J Duijndam}%
\author[3]{Kymo Slager}%
\author[4,5]{Bas Kolen}%
\author[4,5]{Matthijs Kok}%
\affil[1]{VU Amsterdam}%
\affil[2]{Utrecht University}%
\affil[3]{Deltares}%
\affil[4]{HKV Consultants}%
\affil[5]{}%


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  \date{May 08, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
This study provides an overview of the impact of the 2021 Summer floods
in the Netherlands and the assessment of the effectiveness of various
adaptation measures, evacuation strategies, and their impact on society.
The floods were characterized by record rainfall in the cross-border
region of the Meuse and Rhine basins and resulted in devastating losses
in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. The study reports on a
household survey conducted with 1,509 households in the wake of the 2021
flood event in the southern part of the Netherlands (province of
Limburg). Using a descriptive approach, we present household experiences
during several stages of the disaster management cycle, reporting on
experienced flood hazard and impacts, evacuation, flood damage
mitigation measures, the compensation progress, risk perceptions, and
stress. Our findings highlight the role of early warnings and flood risk
information provision in flood risk management. Risk perceptions
influence both adaptation and evacuation behavior, as respondents who
were aware of flood risks beforehand took significantly more flood
damage mitigation measures compared with those who were not aware. Flood
damage mitigation measures, such as building with water-resistant
materials and elevating valuables, reduced flood damage by 20\% to 50\%.
Our survey shows that of those who received warnings, the majority
actually evacuated. However, residents not aware of any evacuation
advice evacuated significantly less. Additionally, the majority (75\%)
of respondents experienced high or very high stress during and after the
flood, which is most likely related to the destructive flood impacts and
the slow and uncertain compensation experienced by many respondents.
This paper describes the flood event and its consequences to provide
insights into Dutch disaster management and what can be learned for
potential future disasters in other contexts.%
\end{abstract}%



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