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\title{A Refined Understanding of the Ice Cloud Longwave Scattering Effects in
Climate Model}



\author[1]{Chongxing Fan}%
\author[2]{Yi-Hsuan Chen}%
\author[1]{Xiuhong Chen}%
\author[3]{Wuyin Lin}%
\author[4]{Ping Yang}%
\author[1]{Xianglei Huang}%
\affil[1]{University of Michigan}%
\affil[2]{Princeton University}%
\affil[3]{Brookhaven National Laboratory}%
\affil[4]{Texas A\&M University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Because longwave (LW) absorption by greenhouse gases and clouds is more
significant than the LW scattering effect by clouds, most climate models
neglect cloud LW scattering to save computational costs. Ignoring cloud
LW scattering directly overestimates outgoing longwave radiation (OLR).
This study included ice-cloud LW scattering treatment in the Exascale
Energy Earth System Model (E3SM) version 2 and ran fully-coupled
simulations, prescribed sea surface temperature simulations, and offline
radiative transfer calculations to comprehensively assess the impact of
ice-cloud LW scattering on global climate simulation. {The instantaneous
effect due to ice-cloud LW scattering reduces the OLR by
\textasciitilde{}1 W/m\textsuperscript{2} on the global average and 2
W/m\textsuperscript{2} on the tropical average.}Tropospheric warming and
high cloud amount reduction act to partially compensate for such
instantaneous OLR reduction caused by the inclusion of LW scattering.
When the simulation reaches the equilibrium, the surface warms by 0.66 K
on average with respect to the simulation without LW scattering, with
the Arctic surface temperature differences more than twice as large as
that of the global mean. The impact of including LW scattering on the
simulated climate change in response to 4\selectlanguage{ngerman}×CO\textsubscript{2} is also
assessed. While including the cloud LW scattering does not significantly
modify radiative forcing and total radiative feedback under such a
scenario, it results in a 10\% more positive cloud feedback.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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