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\title{Temporal Variability in Gas Emissions at Bagana Volcano Revealed by
Aerial, Ground, and Satellite Observations}



\author[1,1]{Brendan McCormick Kilbride}%
\author[2,2]{Emma J Nicholson}%
\author[3,3]{Kieran T Wood}%
\author[4,4]{Thomas C Wilkes}%
\author[5,5]{C Ian Schipper}%
\author[6,6]{Kila Mulina}%
\author[7,7]{Ima Itikarai}%
\author[8,8]{Thomas S Richardson}%
\author[9,9]{Cynthia Werner}%
\author[3,3]{Catherine SL Hayer}%
\author[1,1]{Benjamin Esse}%
\author[1,1]{Mike Burton}%
\author[4,4]{Tom D. Pering}%
\author[4,4]{Andrew J. S. McGonigle}%
\author[10,10]{Diego Coppola}%
\author[11,11]{Marcello Bitetto}%
\author[12,12]{Gaetano Giudice}%
\author[13,13]{Alessandro Aiuppa}%
\affil[1]{University of Manchester}%
\affil[2]{Department of Earth Sciences, University College London}%
\affil[3]{The University of Manchester}%
\affil[4]{University of Sheffield}%
\affil[5]{Victoria University of Wellington}%
\affil[6]{rabaul volcano observatory}%
\affil[7]{Rabaul Volcano Observatory}%
\affil[8]{University of Bristol}%
\affil[9]{Cascades Volcano Observatory, United States Geological Survey}%
\affil[10]{Università di Torino}%
\affil[11]{University of Palermo}%
\affil[12]{Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia}%
\affil[13]{Università di Palermo}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2026}


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