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Unidirectional gene flow from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean in bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo)
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  • Kristina Black,
  • Kathy Liu,
  • Jasmin Graham,
  • Tonya Wiley,
  • Jayne Gardiner,
  • Catherine MacDonald,
  • Mikhail Matz
Kristina Black
The University of Texas at Austin

Corresponding Author:kblack@utexas.edu

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Kathy Liu
University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric and Earth Science
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Jasmin Graham
Minorities in Shark Sciences
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Tonya Wiley
Havenworth Coastal Conservation
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Jayne Gardiner
New College of Florida
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Catherine MacDonald
University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric and Earth Science
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Mikhail Matz
The University of Texas at Austin
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Abstract

Gene flow is important for maintaining the genetic diversity required for adaptation to environmental disturbances, though gene flow may be limited by site fidelity in small coastal sharks. Bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) - a small coastal hammerhead species - demonstrate site fidelity, as females are philopatric while males migrate to mediate gene flow. Consequently, bonnetheads demonstrate population divergence with distance and Atlantic populations are genetically distinct from those of the Gulf of Mexico. Indeed, Florida forms a vicariant zone between these two bodies of water for many marine species, including some sharks. However, while bonnetheads are expected to have limited dispersal, the extent and rate of bonnethead migration remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to determine their dispersal capacity by evaluating connectivity between disparate populations from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Using 10,733 SNPs derived from 2bRAD sequences, we evaluated genetic connectivity between Tampa Bay on the Gulf Coast of Florida and Biscayne Bay on the Atlantic coast of Florida. While standard analyses of genetic structure revealed little differentiation between Tampa Bay and Biscayne Bay populations, demographic history inference based on the site frequency spectrum favored the model with divergence between 2000 - 6000 years ago, with continuous unidirectional gene flow from Tampa Bay to Biscayne Bay. Combined with prior findings of small-scale genetic divergence in bonnethead mitochondrial (female-transmitted) loci, our findings support the hypothesis that female bonnetheads are highly philopatric while male bonnetheads often migrate over relatively large distances (>300 miles) to find mates. Together, these results provide optimism that under proper management, a small-bodied globally Endangered shark can undergo long migrations to sustain genetic diversity.
29 Mar 2024Submitted to Ecology and Evolution
03 Apr 2024Submission Checks Completed
03 Apr 2024Assigned to Editor
16 May 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
28 May 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
12 Aug 20241st Revision Received
14 Aug 2024Submission Checks Completed
14 Aug 2024Assigned to Editor
14 Aug 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
05 Sep 2024Editorial Decision: Accept