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\title{Estimating the Electric Fields Driving Lightning Dart Leader Development
with BIMAP-3D Observations}



\author[1]{Daniel Jensen}%
\author[1]{Xuan-Min Shao}%
\author[2]{Richard Sonnenfeld}%
\author[3]{Caitano daSilva}%
\affil[1]{Los Alamos National Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{New Mexico Tech}%
\affil[3]{New Mexico Institute of Mining \& Technology}%


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  \date{April 26, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
In this paper, a numerical dart leader model has been implemented to
understand the leader's development and the corresponding electric field
changes observed by the 3D Broadband Mapping And Polarization (BIMAP-3D)
system. The model assumes the extending leader channel is equipotential
and has a linear charge distribution induced by an ambient electric
field. The charge distribution induced by the ambient field can be used
to model the electric field change at the ground. We then find the
ambient electric field which best fits the field change measurements at
the two BIMAP stations. The estimated ambient electric field decreases
in the direction of dart leader propagation. Our observations and
modeling results are consistent with our earlier hypothesis that dart
leader speed is proportional to the electric field at the leader tip.
The model also supports our earlier analysis that leader speed
variations near branch junctions were due to previous charge deposits
near the junctions. The modeled tip electric field is generally lower
than the breakdown field unless the pre-dart-leader channel has a
significant temperature of \textasciitilde{}3000 K. This is consistent
with the fact that dart leaders typically do not form new branches into
the virgin air. Furthermore, the tip field is generally close to the
negative streamer stability field at ambient temperatures, explaining
the nature of the narrow and well-defined channel structure. In addition
to the charge distribution and the ambient and tip electric field, the
development of the channel potential and current distribution are also
presented.~%
\end{abstract}%



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