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\title{Characterizing the role of non-linear interactions in the transition to
submesoscale dynamics at a dense filament}



\author[1]{Mara A. Freilich}%
\author[1]{Luc Lenain}%
\author[2]{Sarah T. Gille}%
\affil[1]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography}%
\affil[2]{University of California, San Diego}%


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  \date{May 08, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Ocean dynamics at the submesoscale play a key role in mediating
upper-ocean energy dissipation and dispersion of tracers. Observations
of ocean currents from synoptic mesoscale surveys at submesoscale
resolution (250 m--100 km) from a novel airborne instrument (MASS
DoppVis) reveal that the kinetic energy spectrum in the California
Current System is nearly continuous from 100 km to sub-kilometer scales,
with a k\textsuperscript{-2} spectral slope. Although there is not a
transition in the kinetic energy spectral slope, there is a transition
in the dynamics to non-linear interactions at scales of O(1 km).
Barotropic kinetic energy transfer across spatial scales is enabled by
interactions between the rotational and divergent components of the flow
field at the submesoscale. Kinetic energy flux is intermittent but can
be large, particularly at submesoscale fronts. Kinetic energy is
transferred both downscale and upscale from 1 km in the observations of
a cold filament.%
\end{abstract}%



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