Abstract
Visual attention is mainly goal-directed and allocated based on the
upcoming action to be performed. However, it is unclear how far this
feature of gaze behavior generalizes in more naturalistic settings. The
present study investigates active inference processes revealed by eye
movements during interaction with familiar and novel tools with two
levels of realism of the action affordance. In a between-subject design,
a cohort of participants interacted with a VR controller in a low
realism environment; another performed the task with an interaction
setup that allowed differentiated hand and finger movements in a
high-realism environment. We investigated the differences in odds of
fixations and their eccentricity towards the tool parts before action
initiation. The results show that participants fixate more on the tool’s
effector part before action initiation when asked to use the tool and
during interaction with unfamiliar tools. The spatial viewing bias on
the tool reveals early fixations are influenced by the task and the
familiarity of the tools. Our findings suggest that fixations are made
in a task-oriented way to plan the intended action well before action
initiation. With more realistic action affordances, more fixations were
allocated toward the tool handle. We hypothesize that these fixations
are made towards the proximal goal of planning the grasp even though the
perceived action on the tools is identical for both experimental setups.
Taken together, proximal and distal goal-oriented planning is
contextualized to the realism of action/interaction afforded by an
environment.