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\title{Isopycnal eddy stirring dominates thermohaline mixing in the upper
subpolar North Atlantic}



\author[1]{Bieito Fernández Castro}%
\author[2]{Daniel Fernandez Roman}%
\author[3]{Bruno Ferron}%
\author[4]{Marcos Fontela}%
\author[5]{Pascale Lherminier}%
\author[1]{Alberto C. Naveira Garabato}%
\author[6]{Fiz Pérez}%
\author[7]{Carl Pranas Spingys}%
\author[8]{Kurt Polzin}%
\author[6]{Anton Velo}%
\affil[1]{University of Southampton}%
\affil[2]{Universidade de Vigo}%
\affil[3]{French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)}%
\affil[4]{Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, IIM-CSIC}%
\affil[5]{Ifremer}%
\affil[6]{Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas. IIM-CSIC}%
\affil[7]{National Oceanography Centre}%
\affil[8]{Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution}%


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  \date{May 09, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation entails vigorous
thermohaline transformations in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean
(SPNA). There, warm and saline waters originating in the (sub)tropics
are converted into cooler and fresher waters by a combination of surface
fluxes and sub-surface mixing. Using microstructure measurements and a
small-scale variance conservation framework, we quantify the diapycnal
and isopycnal contributions --by microscale turbulence and mesoscale
eddies, respectively-- to thermohaline mixing within the eastern SPNA.
Isopycnal stirring is found to account for the majority of thermal
(65\%) and haline (84\%) variance dissipation in the upper
400\textasciitilde{}m of the eastern SPNA. A simple dimensional analysis
suggests that isopycnal stirring could account for O(5-10) Sv of
diahaline volume flux, suggesting an important role of such stirring in
regional water-mass transformations. Our mixing measurements are thus
consistent with recent indirect estimates in highlighting the importance
of isopycnal stirring for North Atlantic overturning.Abstract content
goes here%
\end{abstract}%



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