Ground Level Enhancement Events: Interplanetary Protons versus Protons
Interacting at the Sun.
Abstract
We compare results of the solar high-energy proton detection with the
neutron monitor network in Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events and the
data of pion-decay gamma-ray emission produced by high-energy protons
interacting at the Sun. Observational data support the idea of a common
origin of the GLE-producing protons and the protons interacting at the
Sun to produce sustained gamma-ray emission. Then we discuss
capabilities of the CME bow-shock acceleration models to explain the
observational data and argue for the flare and CME synergy in production
of high-energy protons in the long duration events.