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Ground Level Enhancement Events: Interplanetary Protons versus Protons Interacting at the Sun.
  • Leon Kocharov,
  • Ilya Usoskin,
  • Alexander Mishev
Leon Kocharov
University of Oulu

Corresponding Author:leon.kocharov@oulu.fi

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Ilya Usoskin
University of Oulu
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Alexander Mishev
University of Oulu
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Abstract

We compare results of the solar high-energy proton detection with the neutron monitor network in Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events and the data of pion-decay gamma-ray emission produced by high-energy protons interacting at the Sun. Observational data support the idea of a common origin of the GLE-producing protons and the protons interacting at the Sun to produce sustained gamma-ray emission. Then we discuss capabilities of the CME bow-shock acceleration models to explain the observational data and argue for the flare and CME synergy in production of high-energy protons in the long duration events.