Pilot Desktop and Immersive Virtual Reality Field Trip Study of Coastal
Maine Indicates Equivalent Student Learning Outcomes and High Engagement
Abstract
There is an increased interest in geoscience virtual field trips (VFTs)
coinciding with an expansion of online learning and growing concerns
about the lack of diversity, inclusion, and equity in many STEM fields.
Motivated by this interest, we built a VFT of Coastal Maine using Unity
software, traditionally a game development platform, and piloted a
web-based desktop VR (dVR) and headset immersive VR (iVR) version of the
VFT in an introductory physical geology class (total n=25, dVR=14,
iVR=11) at a small liberal arts college in spring 2021. Our primary
goals of the pilot study were to assess if students would demonstrate
(1) learning outcomes within an accessible virtual environment as they
would in a real-world geology field site lab experience and (2)
equivalent proficiency in lab goals in dVR and iVR conditions as
measured by response accuracy. Within the VFT, participants were shown a
series of overview maps across several spatial scales to help them
geolocate the field site. They were then placed in the model at ground
level and asked to perform several tasks to learn to navigate the
environment and use the compass for orientation and spatial reasoning
tasks. Participants observed prompted geologic features and answered
multiple choice and short answer questions with the aid of augmented
information (i.e., real-world site images, photomicrographs) embedded
within the VFT. There was no statistically significant difference in
response accuracy between the dVR and iVR conditions, which suggests the
potential for VFT access and scalability without requiring iVR
equipment. However, there was a marked decrease in accuracy on lab
responses (i.e., identifying rocks, assessing rock orientation, and
interpreting collision processes) when compared to previous in-person
field experiences. We hypothesize higher resolution images and more
realistic field site rendering could address this issue in the future.
Encouragingly, when compared to in-person field experiences, we
qualitatively observed an increase in independent exploration and
reasoning and an increase in student comfort using the augmented compass
within the VFT environment. Student feedback was overwhelmingly positive
regardless of VFT condition and 100% of participants indicated they
wanted access to more VFT experiences.