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\title{The Impact of Grain-size Distributions on Magnetic Measurements}



\author[1]{Frenk Out}%
\author[1]{Rosa A de Boer}%
\author[2]{John Walmsley}%
\author[1]{Lennart Vincent de Groot}%
\affil[1]{Utrecht University}%
\affil[2]{University of Cambridge}%


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  \date{May 07, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Magnetic signals in igneous rocks arise from assemblages of iron-oxide
bearing minerals that differ in e.g. size, shape, and chemistry.
Paleomagnetic measurements on bulk samples measure millions of such
grains simultaneously, producing a statistical ensemble of the magnetic
moments of the individual minerals. Scanning magnetometry techniques
such as the Quantum Diamond Microscope (QDM) measure magnetic signals on
micrometer scales, allowing the identification of magnetic moments of
individual grains in a sample using e.g. Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT).
Here we produce a grain-size distribution of iron-oxides in a typical
Hawaiian basalt from the superparamagnetic threshold
(\textasciitilde{}40 nm) to grains with a diameter of 10
\(\mu\)m. This grain-size distribution is obtained by
combining FIB-SEM and MicroCT data from sister specimens, and
normalizing them to the mineral surface area of non-magnetic minerals.
Then we use this grain-size distribution to determine the contributions
of individual magnetic carriers to bulk magnetic measurements and
surface magnetometry. We found that measurements on bulk samples are
sensitive to relatively small grain sizes in the realm of single domain
or vortex states (\textless{}200 nm), while signals in surface
magnetometry arise mainly from larger grains with diameters
\textgreater{}1 \(\mu\)m. This implies that bulk measurements
cannot be compared straightforwardly to signals from surface
magnetometry from the same sample. Moreover, our observations explain
why MMT results are insensitive to the presence of many small grains in
a sample that intuitively should hamper their outcome.%
\end{abstract}%



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