\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{CJKutf8} 
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}

\title{Internal vs Forced Variability Metrics for Geophysical Flows Using
Information Theory}



\author[1,1]{Aakash Sane}%
\author[1,1,1]{Baylor Fox-Kemper}%
\author[2,2,2]{David Ullman}%
\author[1]{Aakash Sane}%
\affil[1]{Brown University}%
\affil[2]{University of Rhode Island}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2026}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We demonstrate the use of information theory metrics, Shannon entropy
and mutual information, for measuring internal and forced variability in
general circulation coastal and global ocean models. These metrics have
been applied on spatially and temporally averaged data. A combined
metric reliably delineates intrinsic and extrinsic variability in a
wider range of circumstances than previous approaches based on variance
ratios that therefore assume Gaussian distributions. Shannon entropy and
mutual information manage correlated fields, apply to any distribution,
and are insensitive to outliers and a change of units or scale.
Different metrics are used to quantify internal vs forced variability in
(1) idealized Gaussian and uniformly distributed data, (2) an initial
condition ensemble of a realistic coastal ocean model (OSOM), (3) the
GFDL-ESM2M climate model large ensemble. A metric based on information
theory partly agrees with the traditional variance-based metric and
identifies regions where non-linear correlations might exist. Mutual
information and Shannon entropy are used to quantify the impact of
different boundary forcings in a coastal ocean model ensemble.
Information theory enables ranking the potential impacts of improving
boundary and forcing conditions across multiple predicted variables with
different dimensions. The climate model ensemble application shows how
information theory metrics are robust even in a highly skewed
probability distribution (Arctic sea surface temperature) resulting from
sharply non-linear behavior (freezing point).%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{CJK}\end{document}

