A pioneer and preliminary study on sub-daily rainfall data in Brazil:
what can we learn from this new high temporal resolution database?
Abstract
For many years, rainfall has been measured in Brazil on a daily basis
only; hence it is unusual to find studies considering a better temporal
resolution for the whole country. However, since 2013, the National
Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN)
has started to monitor rainfall in a sub hourly basis at more than 3,000
gauges. This study is the first to analyze sub-daily characteristics of
rainfall in Brazil on national scale. Raw data from 3 years (2015-2017)
was downloaded from CEMADEN’s home page and then quality control
procedures were applied to select the high-quality rain gauges. Then,
two rainfall properties were calculated: (i) Number of Wet Days – NWD,
which is the number of rainy days per year; and (ii) Number of Effective
Wet Days – NEWD, which is the number of rainy hours per year divided by
24 hours. Both NWD and NEWD were grouped according to NEWD values and
spatially analyzed. About 1,100 rain gauges were used in this study: 824
(2015), 1,288 (2016), and 1,385 (2017). NWD ranges from 26 to 226 days
(average: 151 days), while NEWD ranges from 1.2 to 47.8 days (average:
14.3 days). Results showed that group A (NEWD < 10.3 days)
contains gauges located in the Brazilian Mid-western and northeastern
semiarid regions. Group B (10.3 ≤ NEWD < 13.2 days) occurs in
parts of the coastal region of Northeast and highlands of Southeast.
Groups C (13.2 ≤ NEWD < 17.4 days) and D (NEWD ≥17.45 days)
are found in South and part of the Southeastern coastal region. The
region with the most concentrated rainfall rates (group A) is the one
with the lowest annual rainfall. Orographic effects seem to cause
reduction in NEWD, from 15.2 days to 11.8 days (group B). Groups C and D
comprehend the rainiest region, preceded by the Amazon region. Finally,
we highlight that spatial distribution of NWD and NEWD did not change
abruptly annually, with an overall ratio between them of
~10 times. Although in some regions rainfall occurs in
four months, it effectively falls from 10 to 13 days. This study is
important to understand how concentrated the rainfall is in the
different Brazilian regions.