Wind measurements from landed missions on Mars are vital to characterise the near surface atmospheric behaviour on Mars and improve atmospheric models. These winds are responsible for aeolian change and the mixing of dust in and out of the atmosphere, which has a significant effect on the global circulation. The NASA InSight mission successfully recorded wind data for around 750 sols. The seismometer, however, recorded nearly continuous data for around 1400 sols. The dominant source of energy in the seismic data is in fact due to the wind. To this end, we propose a machine learning model, dubbed WindSightNet, to map the seismic data to wind speed and direction. This converts the atmospheric information in the seismic data into a physically meaningful wind signal which can be used for analysis. We retrieve wind data from the entire period the seismometer was recording which enables a comparison of the year-to-year wind variations at InSight. The continuous nature of the dataset also enables the extraction of information on baroclinic activity at long periods and the periodicity of observed convective cells. A data science based metric is proposed to provide a quantification of the year-to-year differences in the wind speeds, which highlights variations linked to dust activity as well as other transient differences worthy of further study. On the whole, the seismic-derived winds confirm the dominance of the global circulation on the winds leading to highly repeatable weather patterns.

Convective vortices (whirlwinds) and dust devils (dust-loaded vortices) are one of the most common phenomena on Mars, observable on a daily basis. They reflect the local thermodynamical structure of the atmosphere and are the driving force of the dust cycle. Additionally, they cause an elastic ground deformation, which is useful for retrieving the subsurface rigidity. Therefore, investigating Martian convective vortices with the right instrumentation can lead to a better understanding of the Martian atmospheric structures as well as the subsurface physical properties. In this study, we quantitatively characterized the convective vortices detected by NASA’s InSight mission (~13,000 events) using both meteorological (e.g., pressure, wind speed, temperature) and seismic data. The evaluated parameters, such as the signal-to-noise ratio, event duration, asymmetricity of pressure drop profiles, and cross-correlation coefficient between seismic and pressure signals, are compiled as a catalog. To demonstrate how our catalog can contribute to scientific investigations, we show two analysis results about (i) asymmetrical features seen in the vortex-related pressure drops and (ii) atmospheric-ground interaction to retrieve the subsurface physical properties.

We present inversions for the structure of Mars using the first Martian seismic record collected by the InSight lander. We identified and used arrival times of direct, multiples, and depth phases of body waves, for seventeen marsquakes to constrain the quake locations and the one-dimensional average interior structure of Mars. We found the marsquake hypocenters to be shallower than 40 km depth, most of them being located in the Cerberus Fossae graben system, which could be a source of marsquakes. Our results show a significant velocity jump between the upper and the lower part of the crust, interpreted as the transition between intrusive and extrusive rocks. The lower crust makes up a significant fraction of the crust, with seismic velocities compatible with those of mafic to ultramafic rocks. Additional constraints on the crustal thickness from previous seismic analyses, combined with modeling relying on gravity and topography measurements, yield constraints on the present-day thermochemical state of Mars and on its long-term history. Our most constrained inversion results indicate a present-day surface heat flux of 22±1 mW/m2, a relatively hot mantle (potential temperature: 1740±90 K) and a thick lithosphere (540±120 km), associated with a lithospheric thermal gradient of 1.9±0.3 K/km. These results are compatible with recent seismic studies using a reduced data set and different inversions approaches, confirming that Mars’ mantle was initially relatively cold (1780±50 K) compared to its present-day state, and that its crust contains 10-12 times more heat-producing elements than the primitive mantle.

The NASA InSight mission to Mars successfully landed on November 26th, 2018 in Elysium Planitia. It aims to characterize the seismic activity and constrain the internal structure of Mars. We focus on the Cerberus Fossae region, a giant fracture network of ~1200 km long situated east of the InSight landing site, and where M~3 marsquakes were detected during the past two years. It is formed of five main fossae located on the southeast of the Elysium Mons volcanic rise. We perform a detailed mapping of the entire system based on high resolution satellite images and Digital Elevation Models. The refined cartography reveals a range of morphologies associated with dike activities at depth. Width and throw measurements of the fossae are linearly correlated, suggesting a possible tectonic control on the shapes of the fossae. Widths and throws decrease toward the east, indicating the long-term direction of propagation of the dike-induced graben system. They also give insights into the geometry at depth and how the possible faults and fractures are rooted in the crust. The exceptional preservation of the fossae allows us to detect up to four scales of segmentation, each formed by a similar number of 3-4 segments/subsegments. This generic distribution is comparable to continental faults and fractures on Earth. We anticipate higher stress and potential for marsquakes within intersegment zones and at graben tips.