References
1. INTEGRATE (The UK ENT Trainee Research Network), Hardman JC, Smith
ME, Swords C, Rocke JPJ, Walker A, et al. Admission avoidance in acute
epistaxis: A prospective national audit during the initial peak of the
COVID‐19 pandemic. Clinical Otolaryngology. 2021 May;46(3):577–86.
2. Eze N. Advice given to patients with epistaxis by A&E doctors.
Emergency Medicine Journal. 2005 Oct 1;22(10):724–5.
3. National ENT Trainee Research Network. The British Rhinological
Society multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on the hospital
management of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 2017 Dec;131(12):1142–56.
4. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical Knowledge
Summaries: acute epistaxis [Internet]. 2022. Available from:
https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/epistaxis-nosebleeds/management/acute-epistaxis/
5. INTEGRATE (The UK ENT Trainee Research Network). Nasal Packs for
Epistaxis: Predictors of Success. Clin Otolaryngol. 2020
Sep;45(5):659–66.
6. ENT UK. COVID-19 Epistaxis Management [Internet]. 2020. Available
from:
http://orlcg.me/files/documents/0a48afd1-f0a7-4089-9097-c3ac1037b472.pdf
7. Iqbal IZ, Jones GH, Dawe N, Mamais C, Smith ME, Williams RJ, et al.
Intranasal packs and haemostatic agents for the management of adult
epistaxis: systematic review. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology.
2017 Dec;131(12):1065–92.
8. Gottlieb M, DeMott JM, Peksa GD. Topical Tranexamic Acid for the
Treatment of Acute Epistaxis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann
Pharmacother. 2019 Jun;53(6):652–7.
9. Joseph J, Martinez-Devesa P, Bellorini J, Burton MJ. Tranexamic acid
for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis). Cochrane ENT Group,
editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2018 Dec
31 [cited 2022 Oct 26];2018(12). Available from:
https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD004328.pub3
10. Richardson C, Abrol A, Hamill CS, Maronian N, Rodriguez K, D’Anza B.
Improving efficiency in epistaxis transfers in a large health system:
Analyzing emergency department treatment variability as pretext for a
clinical care pathway. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2019 Jul
1;40(4):530–5.
11. Fishpool S, Tomkinson A. Patterns of hospital admission with
epistaxis for 26,725 patients over an 18-year period in Wales, UK.
annals. 2012 Nov;94(8):559–62.
12. Goljo E, Dang R, Iloreta AM, Govindaraj S. Cost of management in
epistaxis admission: Impact of patient and hospital characteristics.
Laryngoscope. 2015 Dec;125(12):2642–7.
13. Ramagopalan SV, Wotton CJ, Handel AE, Yeates D, Goldacre MJ. Risk of
venous thromboembolism in people admitted to hospital with selected
immune-mediated diseases: record-linkage study. BMC Med. 2011 Jan
10;9:1.
14. Melin CM. Reducing falls in the inpatient hospital setting. Int J
Evid Based Healthc. 2018 Mar;16(1):25–31.
15. Chen Y, Almirall-Sánchez A, Mockler D, Adrion E, Domínguez-Vivero C,
Romero-Ortuño R. Hospital-associated deconditioning: Not only physical,
but also cognitive. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 2;37(3).
16. Saleem Z, Godman B, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, Azhar F, Rehman IU. Point
prevalence surveys of health-care-associated infections: a systematic
review. Pathog Glob Health. 2019 Jun;113(4):191–205.
17. Oliver D. David Oliver: Could we do better on hospital acquired
covid-19 in a future wave? BMJ. 2021 Jan 13;372:n70.
18. Wang J, Cai C, Wang S. Merocel versus Nasopore for nasal packing: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One.
2014;9(4):e93959.
19. Hesham A, Ghali A. Rapid Rhino versus Merocel nasal packs in septal
surgery. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 2011
Dec;125(12):1244–6.
20. Reschen ME, Bowen J, Novak A, Giles M, Singh S, Lasserson D, et al.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department attendances and
acute medical admissions. BMC Emerg Med. 2021 Nov 20;21(1):143.
21. Yu J, Hammond G, Waken RJ, Fox D, Joynt Maddox KE. Changes In
Non-COVID-19 Emergency Department Visits By Acuity And Insurance Status
During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021
Jun;40(6):896–903.
22. Santi L, Golinelli D, Tampieri A, Farina G, Greco M, Rosa S, et al.
Non-COVID-19 patients in times of pandemic: Emergency department visits,
hospitalizations and cause-specific mortality in Northern Italy. PLOS
ONE. 2021 Mar 22;16(3):e0248995.