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Experimental daily ensemble streamflow forecasting system using physical model output in a Bayesian hierarchical framework
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  • Álvaro Ossandón,
  • Balaji Rajagopalan,
  • Amar Tiwari,
  • Vimal Mishra
Álvaro Ossandón
University of Colorado Boulder

Corresponding Author:alvaro.ossandon@colorado.edu

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Balaji Rajagopalan
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Amar Tiwari
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
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Vimal Mishra
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
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Abstract

River basin floods due to summer monsoon (June-September) rainfall are the major causes of infrastructure damage and loss of human lives in India. Thus, skillful forecasts of daily streamflows are crucial for flood mitigation. We develop an experimental forecasting system that combines a deterministic physical model forecast in a Bayesian Hierarchical Framework to generate an ensemble daily streamflow forecast. The physical hydrologic model based on the land surface model – Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) - developed in an experimental mode to model and forecast hydrologic systems over India is used. Rainfall forecast from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at several lead times (1-day, 2-day, 3-day, 4-day, and 5-day) is used to drive the VIC model to provide a single deterministic forecast trace. A Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM) framework is developed to post-process the VIC model forecast and generate skillful daily ensemble streamflow forecast. We demonstrate the BHM framework to daily summer (July-August) streamflow forecast at five stations in the Narmada River Basin in Central India for the period 2003-2014 and, provide preliminary assessment for the period 2015-2018. In this framework, the daily streamflow at each station is modeled as Gamma distribution with time varying parameters, which are modeled as a linear function of potential covariates that include VIC model deterministic streamflow forecast and observed spatially-averaged precipitation from the previous days. With suitable priors on the parameters, posterior distributions of the parameters and predictive posterior distributions of the daily streamflows – and thus ensembles –are obtained. The skill of the probabilistic forecast is assessed a suite of metrics (correlation coefficient, and BIAS), rank histograms, and skill scores such as CRPSS. The model skills are also assessed for various flow thresholds. The BHM framework provides a novel, flexible and powerful approach to combine forecasts from multiple models (including qualitative) and provide a combined skill ensemble forecast. This will be of immense help to enable effective disaster management and mitigation strategies.