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The Failure Forecast Method applied to the GPS and seismic data collected in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) in 2011-2020.
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  • Andrea Bevilacqua,
  • Abani Patra,
  • Eric Bruce Pitman,
  • Marcus Bursik,
  • Augusto Neri,
  • Barry Voight,
  • Franco Flandoli,
  • Prospero De Martino,
  • Flora Giudicepietro,
  • Patrizia Ricciolino,
  • Giovanni Macedonio,
  • Stefano Vitale
Andrea Bevilacqua
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Corresponding Author:andrea.bevilacqua@ingv.it

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Abani Patra
Tufts University
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Eric Bruce Pitman
University at Buffalo
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Marcus Bursik
University at Buffalo
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Augusto Neri
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Barry Voight
Pennsylvania State University
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Franco Flandoli
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
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Prospero De Martino
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Flora Giudicepietro
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Patrizia Ricciolino
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Giovanni Macedonio
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Stefano Vitale
Università di Napoli Federico II
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Abstract

Episodes of slow uplift and subsidence of the ground, called bradyseism, characterize the recent dynamics of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). In the last decades two major bradyseismic crises occurred, in 1969/1972 and in 1982/1984, with a ground uplift of 1.70 m and 1.85 m, respectively. Thousands of earthquakes, with a maximum magnitude of 4.2, caused the partial evacuation of the town of Pozzuoli in October 1983. This was followed by about 20 years of overall subsidence, about 1 m in total, until 2005. After 2005 the Campi Flegrei caldera has been rising again, with a slower rate, and a total maximum vertical displacement in the central area of ca. 70 cm. The two signals of ground deformation and background seismicity have been found to share similar accelerating trends. The failure forecast method can provide a first assessment of failure time on present‐day unrest signals at Campi Flegrei caldera based on the monitoring data collected in [2011, 2020] and under the assumption to extrapolate such a trend into the future. In this study, we apply a probabilistic approach that enhances the well‐established method by incorporating stochastic perturbations in the linearized equations. The stochastic formulation enables the processing of decade‐long time windows of data, including the effects of variable dynamics that characterize the unrest. We provide temporal forecasts with uncertainty quantification, potentially indicative of eruption dates. The basis of the failure forecast method is a fundamental law for failing materials: ẇ ẅ = A, where ẇ is the rate of the precursor signal, and α, A are model parameters that we fit on the data. The solution when α >1 is a power law of exponent 1/(1 − α) diverging at time Tf , called failure time. In our case study, Tf is the time when the accelerating signals collected at Campi Flegrei would diverge if we extrapolate their trend. The interpretation of Tf as the onset of a volcanic eruption is speculative. It is important to note that future variations of monitoring data could either slow down the increase so far observed, or suddenly further increase it leading to shorter failure times than those here reported. Data from observations at all locations in the region were also aggregated to reinforce the computations of Tf reducing the impact of observation errors.