Better modeling of root-soil interactions by explicit representation of
soil hardness
Abstract
The vertical distribution of plant roots in the soil profile is a key
trait modulating plant contributions to soil carbon storage, drought and
nutrient stress resistance, yield, and fitness. However, direct sampling
of deep roots requires massive effort, so existing data are sparse and
many researchers have adopted modeling approaches to fill data gaps and
generate hypotheses about how soil properties change the biogeochemical,
agricultural, ecological, and hydrologic consequences of root depth.
Such models are useful only if they correctly represent the processes of
interest and give accurate predictions of the root systems they
simulate. Most current root growth models represent soil as a uniform
and unrestrictive medium. This is often a reasonable simplification when
modeling roots grown in pots or artificial media, but is less so for
field soils which often increase in density, hardness, and heterogeneity
with depth. To better predict the effect of soil hardness on root
distribution, we updated the structural-functional root growth model
OpenSimRoot to explicitly predict soil hardness from soil bulk density,
water content, porosity, and depth. Root growth impedance is curently
represented by linear scaling of the root elongation rate according to
soil hardness. Future work will incorporate configurable growth
responses and allow hardness to control changes in root diameter and
growth direction, thus allowing the model to examine the fitness
implications of carbon reallocation in complex structured soils. Our
updated OpenSimRoot captured >50% of observed variation in
penetrometer resistance from field soils. When we incorporated soil
hardness into simulations of maize growth, we observed a substantial
reduction in the predicted root:shoot ratio that overwhelmed previous
model predictions of increased water uptake from steeper root angles.
These findings reinforce that models considering costs and benefits of
deep rooting should routinely consider soil hardess.