In terms of human mortality, cardiac diseases have a higher mortality rate than cancer. Along with mortality rates, cancer morbidity also paints a rather bleak picture. Management of cancer continues to be a difficult task despite advancements in treatment modalities. Cytotoxicity is one of the key indicators in in vitro biological evaluations. Cytotoxic drugs have been shown to, among other things, disrupt cell membranes, inhibit protein synthesis, and bind receptors irreversibly in vitro. A number of short-term cytotoxic effects and cell proliferation assays have been created and used to identify cell death brought on by these insults. Among the in vivo models that have been developed are those that mimic chemical carcinogenesis and xenografts for human malignancies. The current in-vitro and animal models used in the development and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer drugs are covered in this article

Cancer causes the second highest mortality rate after the cardiac diseases in humans. In addition to death rates, cancer morbidity paints a rather grim picture. Despite the advances in treatment modalities, cancer management still remains as a challenging task. In vitro biological evaluations use cytotoxicity as one of the most essential indications. In vitro, cytotoxic drugs cause cell membrane disintegration, protein synthesis inhibition, and irreversible receptor binding, among other things. To identify cell death caused by these insults, a number of short-term cytotoxic effects and cell proliferation assays have been developed and employed. Chemical carcinogenesis and xenograft models for imitating human malignancies are among the in vivo models that have been developed. This article discusses the current in-vitro and animal models used in the discovery and therapeutic efficacy assessment of anti-cancer drugs.