Associated congenital heart disease:
Many congenital heart diseases have been reported in association with LPAS. Commonly observed defects are ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, coarctation of aorta, persistent arterial duct, persistent left superior vena cava, tetralogy of Fallot and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.25-27 Associated heart disease can aggravate the clinical course of the airway anomalies and may increase the complexity of the surgical repair which is commonly performed under cardiopulmonary bypass.2