Associated congenital heart disease:
Many congenital heart diseases have been reported in association with
LPAS. Commonly observed defects are ventricular septal defects, atrial
septal defects, coarctation of aorta, persistent arterial duct,
persistent left superior vena cava, tetralogy of Fallot and total
anomalous pulmonary venous connection.25-27 Associated
heart disease can aggravate the clinical course of the airway anomalies
and may increase the complexity of the surgical repair which is commonly
performed under cardiopulmonary bypass.2