Lineage-specific targets of positive selection in three leaf beetles
with different defence capacity against a parasitoid wasp
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are major causes of mortality of many species,
resulting in host immune defences commonly being the target of adaptive
evolution, though such targets outside model species are poorly
understood. Here we compare the power of different molecular tests of
selection to provide such insights in novel species. We combined our
understanding of variation in immune defence capacity among three
closely related Galerucella leaf beetles with a shared parasitoid wasp,
with information on genomic targets of parasitoid attacks from exemplar
insect species. Based on this, we predicted that these genomic targets
would vary in their evolutionary history across three closely related
leaf beetle species, such that genomic targets would experience stronger
positive selection in the species with strongest immune response to
attack. Codon based tests revealed variation among species in positive
selection genome wide, and showed that parasitoid-relevant immune genes
experienced more positive selection in the species with the greatest
immunocompetence (G. pusilla), while almost no immune genes were under
positive selection in the species with the least immunocompetence (G.
calmariensis). Genome wide analyses of the haplotype frequency spectrum
also identified genes experiencing positive selection across the
species, though few were parasitoid-relevant immune genes and no species
was particularly enriched for them. Thus, our codon based test, which
summarizes all sweep events since the last common ancestor, found
results consistent with our a priori hypothesis, providing a series of
targets for future functional genomic study.