REFERENCES
1 Morgan, A. J., & Schwartz, R. A. (2010). Cutaneous polyarteritis
nodosa: a comprehensive review. International journal of
dermatology, 49(7), 750–756.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04522.x 2 Herbert, C. R.,
& Russo, G. G. (2003). Polyarteritis nodosa and cutaneous polyarteritis
nodosa. Skinmed, 2(5), 277–285.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-9740.2003.02214.
- Pagnoux, C., Seror, R., Henegar, C., Mahr, A., Cohen, P., Le Guern,
V., Bienvenu, B., Mouthon, L., Guillevin, L., & French Vasculitis
Study Group (2010). Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients
with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of
patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French
Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis and rheumatism ,62 (2), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27240
- Diaz-Perez JL, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous Periarteritis Nodosa.Arch Dermatol. 1974;110(3):407–414.
https://doi:10.1001/archderm.1974.01630090045009
- Haviv, R., Capua, M., Amir, J., & Harel, L. (2014). Cutaneous
polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated with topical diflucortolone
valerate: a case report & review of the literature. Pediatric
rheumatology online journal , 12 , 46.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1546-0096-12-46
- Papachristodoulou, E., Kakoullis, L., Tiniakou, E., & Parperis, K.
(2021). Therapeutic options for cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a
systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) , keab402.
Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keab402
- Munera‐Campos, M. , Bielsa, I. , Martínez‐Morillo, M. , Aparicio, G. ,
Olivé, A. , Ferrándiz, C. & (2020). Manifestations, clinical course
and prognostic markers in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. JDDG:
Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 18 (11),
1250-1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14271. 8 Daoud M, Hutton K,
Gibson L. Cutaneous periarteritis nodosa: a clinicopathological study
of 79 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136:706–713.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.6601645.x
Lobo, I., Ferreira, M., Silva, E., Alves, R., & Selores, M. (2008).
Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa treated with intravenous
immunoglobulins. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology
and Venereology :
JEADV, 22(7), 880–882.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02478.x
Chen K. R. (1989). Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a clinical and
histopathological study of 20 cases. The Journal of
dermatology , 16 (6), 429–442.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1989.tb01582.x
FIGURE LEGEND.Figure 1. Erythematous subcutaneous nodules and angular purpura
on the posterior lower legsFigure 2. Histopathological section of lower limb subcutaneous
nodule. The findings demonstrated a mixture of
lymphocytes, neutrophils, histiocytes and scatted eosinophils
surrounding the small arteries and extending into the fibrous septa and
peri-septal lobules of the subcutaneous tissue. The internal elastic
lamina of the arteriole was preserved. There were no granulomas, and
further stains indicated no mycobacterial or fungal elements. These
findings were consistent with PAN.Figure 3. Stellate ulcer with retiform purpura. The incisional
biopsy demonstrates a prominent lymphohistiocytic
infiltrate of small to medium sized vessels in the deep dermis and
subcutis. A moderate lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was noted within
vessel walls with endarteritis obliterans, degenerate vessel walls and
fibrin thrombi with karyorrhexis in the affected lumen.
FIGURES
Figure 1.