Time series of flight activities
Overall, a total of 603,259 trajectories were extracted, which included
5,175 predator-prey flight interactions with a total of 126 successful
predation events representing 2.4% of the recorded interactions. The
daily time series of flight activity in hornets and honey bees in front
of the beehive followed nonlinear, quadratic patterns that increased
until 1pm for hornets (GAM, F=22.9, P<0.001) and 3pm for honey
bees (GAM, F=25.95, P<0.001) and then decreased
(Figure 1b ). The daily dynamic of flight speed in hornets and
honey bees in front of the beehive followed nonlinear patterns with an
increase until 11am for hornets (GAM, F=7.297, P<0.001) and
until 2pm for honey bees entering the hive (GAM, F=2.327,
P<0.001) and leaving the hive (GAM, F=16.34,
P<0.001), and then decreased (Figure 2a ).
The daily time series of flight curvature in honey bees entering the
hive followed a similar nonlinear pattern to flight activity and flight
speed, with an increase until 2pm (GAM, F=12.29, P<0.001) and
then decreased (Figure 2b ). Curvatures of hornets and honey
bees leaving the hive followed a positive trend over the day (GAM,
F=9.263, P=0.003 and F=17.03, P<0.001 respectively). On the
other hand, the daily dynamics of the percentage of time spent hovering
by hornets and honey bees followed nonlinear patterns that decreased
until 2pm and then increased for hornets (GAM, F=6.19,
P<0.001), and was more variable for honey bees (GAM, F=13.56,
P<0.001, Figure 2c ). For honey bees leaving the hive,
the percentage of time spent hovering increased over the day (GAM,
F=58.01, P<0.001).