Animals
Male Sprague Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, France) weighing 325-350g upon arrival, were housed in a temperature and humidity-controlled environment and maintained on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (on at 07:00 am). Animals were housed two per cage from arrival to surgery and one per cage after surgery. Experiments were performed during the light phase. Animals had ad libitum access to food and water in the homecage. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the European Union directives (2010/63/EU) for the care of laboratory animals and all experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committee (COMETHEA, n°7147).