2.4 Outcome measures
Primary outcomes of the meta-analysis included procedural outcomes like CPB time and cross-clamp time. The secondary outcomes included procedural outcomes like implantation of pacemakers and postoperative atrioventricular block, as well as clinical outcomes like length of stay (LOS), length of ICU stay, incidence of ≥mild TR after surgery, at discharge and during follow-up, incidence of ≥small residual VSD after surgery and during follow-up. Risk of bias assessment was performed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale14 criteria. ≥mild TR was defined as TR with a grade of ≥2 using TTE or TEE. ≥small residual VSD was defined as residual VSD with a diameter of ≥2 mm after surgical repair.