Figure 3 : The relative abundance (±SE) of R. insecticola(A) or H. defensa strains carrying either APSE-3 (B & D) and APSE-2 (C & E) in the presence and absence of APV across aphid development. Symbiont abundance was estimated using the single copy genednak and normalized using the housekeeping gene ef1-α . The relative abundance (±SE) of the bacteriopahges APSE-3 and APSE-2 were estimated using the structural P1 gene and normalized to the number ofH. defensa dnaK. Asterisks indicate significant differences (* P < 0.05).