Abstract
Abstract Background: The misattribution of an adverse drug reaction
(ADR) as a symptom or illness can lead to the prescribing of additional
medication, referred to as a prescribing cascade. The aim of this
systematic review is to identify published prescribing cascades in
community-dwelling adults. Methods: Systematic review reported in line
with the PRISMA guidelines and pre-registered with PROSPERO. Electronic
databases (Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library)
and grey literature sources were searched. Inclusion criteria:
Community-dwelling adults; Risk-prescription medication;
Outcomes-initiation of new medicine to ‘treat’ or reduce ADR risk; Study
type-cohort, cross-sectional, case-control and case-series studies.
Title/abstract screening, full-text screening, data extraction and
methodological quality assessment was conducted independently in
duplicate. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: A total of 101
studies (reported in 103 publications) were included. Study sample sizes
ranged from 126 to 11,593,989 participants and 15 studies examined older
adults specifically (≥60 years). Seventy-eight of 101 studies reported a
potential prescribing cascade including calcium channel blockers to loop
diuretic (n=5), amiodarone to levothyroxine (n=5), inhaled
corticosteroid to topical antifungal (n=4), antipsychotic to
anti-Parkinson drug (n=4), and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to urinary
incontinence drugs (n=4). Identified prescribing cascades occurred
within three months to one year following initial medication.
Methodological quality varied across included studies. Conclusion and
implications: Prescribing cascades occur for a broad range of
medications. ADRs should be included in the differential diagnosis for
patients presenting with new symptoms, particularly older adults and
those who started a new medication in the preceding 12 months. Word
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