Figure 4: Overlap between genes that are significantly differentially expressed by direct and indirect genetic effects. Venn diagrams show the overlap in significantly (FDR < 0.1) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) arising from direct and indirect genetic effects across the (A ) generalized linear model (GLM) comparisons, (B ) gyne brain pairwise comparisons, (C ) gyne ovary pairwise comparisons, (D ) worker brain pairwise comparisons, and (E ) worker gaster pairwise comparisons. Significant overlaps are indicated by an * (Fisher’s Exact Test: P < 0.05), with upward arrows indicating that the overlap is greater than expected and downward arrows indicating that the overlap is less than expected; n.s., nonsignificant (P > 0.05).