Autophagy modulators Targets Mechanisms References References
Oridonin Akt-AMPK Oridonin expedites autophagic lysosomal degradation associated with P21 to reduce cardiac hypertrophy and oxidative injury. Oridonin expedites autophagic lysosomal degradation associated with P21 to reduce cardiac hypertrophy and oxidative injury. [79]
Irisin AMPK-ULK1 Irisin stimulates autophagic flux to significantly attenuate cardiac hypertrophy induced by PO via activating AMPK-ULK1 signaling related to mTOR. Irisin stimulates autophagic flux to significantly attenuate cardiac hypertrophy induced by PO via activating AMPK-ULK1 signaling related to mTOR. [80]
Cucurbitacin B Akt Cucurbitacin B protects against hypertrophy, fibrosis and augmented cardiac autophagy to refrain from cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR/FoxO3a signaling pathway. Cucurbitacin B protects against hypertrophy, fibrosis and augmented cardiac autophagy to refrain from cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR/FoxO3a signaling pathway. [81]
Aliskiren Renin Aliskiren inhibits the regulation of Ang II-PKCβI-ERK1/2 induced by autophagy to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction under chronic PO stimuli. Aliskiren inhibits the regulation of Ang II-PKCβI-ERK1/2 induced by autophagy to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction under chronic PO stimuli. [82]
SB-216763 GSK-3β SB-216763 activates autophagy to protect heart and renal injury treated by aldosterone. SB-216763 activates autophagy to protect heart and renal injury treated by aldosterone. [83]
Allicin mTOR Allicin suppresses autophagy to preserve cardiac hypertrophy through activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling pathways. Allicin suppresses autophagy to preserve cardiac hypertrophy through activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK/mTOR signaling pathways. [11]
Rapamycin mTORC1 Rapamycin inhibits mTORC1 and increases the level of autophagy activity to prevent from the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Rapamycin inhibits mTORC1 and increases the level of autophagy activity to prevent from the development of cardiac hypertrophy. [84, 85]
Amalaki Rasayana Unknown Amalaki Rasayana increases autophagy and significantly decreases left ventricular hypertrophy in male Wistar rats. Amalaki Rasayana increases autophagy and significantly decreases left ventricular hypertrophy in male Wistar rats. [86]
Curcumin AMPK Curcumin ameliorated CH and fibrosis in a rat model induced by isoproterenol via mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway. Curcumin ameliorated CH and fibrosis in a rat model induced by isoproterenol via mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway. [87]
Metformin AMPK Metformin stimulates autophagy to inhibit hypertrophy and attenuates cardiac dysfunction via activating of mTORC1. Metformin stimulates autophagy to inhibit hypertrophy and attenuates cardiac dysfunction via activating of mTORC1. [88]
Corosolic Acid AMPK Corosolic Acid can prevent cardiac hypertrophy by regulating AMPK-dependent autophagy. Corosolic Acid can prevent cardiac hypertrophy by regulating AMPK-dependent autophagy. [89]
Simvastatin Hydroxymethylg-lutaryl coenzyme A reductase Simvastatin inhibits overactive autophagy and increase the expression of 14-3-3, thereby protecting the stress-overloaded heart. Simvastatin inhibits overactive autophagy and increase the expression of 14-3-3, thereby protecting the stress-overloaded heart. [90]
Baicalein FOXO3a Baicalein increases the expression of catalase and FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) and eliminates ROS and promotes autophagy to reduce isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy via targeting FOXO3a. Baicalein increases the expression of catalase and FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) and eliminates ROS and promotes autophagy to reduce isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy via targeting FOXO3a. [91]