Table 1: Characteristics of mother–child dyads in the PROGRESS cohort, n=605
Characteristics
Total Sample
Male Children 304 (50%)
Female Children 301 (50%)
Maternal age at enrollment (years), median (IQR)
27.00 (23.00, 31.00) 27.00 (24.00, 31.00) 27.00 (23.00, 31.00)
Maternal breastfeeding, n (%) Maternal breastfeeding, n (%) Maternal breastfeeding, n (%) Maternal breastfeeding, n (%)
Never/ no attempt to breastfed
33 (6%)
8 (4%)
14 (7%)
Attempted to exclusively breastfed
542 (94%)
209 (96%)
200 (93%)
Maternal education at enrollment, n (%) Maternal education at enrollment, n (%) Maternal education at enrollment, n (%) Maternal education at enrollment, n (%)
< High school
242 (40%)
130 (43%)
112 (37%)
High school
221 (37%)
103 (34%)
118 (39%)
> High school
142 (23%)
71 (23%)
71 (24%)
Maternal ever asthma at enrollment, n (%) Maternal ever asthma at enrollment, n (%) Maternal ever asthma at enrollment, n (%) Maternal ever asthma at enrollment, n (%)
Ever had asthma, yes
8 (4%)
7 (7%)
1 (1%)
Socioeconomic status, n (%) Socioeconomic status, n (%) Socioeconomic status, n (%) Socioeconomic status, n (%)
Lower
314 (52%)
156 (51%)
158 (52%)
Medium
230 (38%)
117 (38%)
113 (38%)
Higher
61 (10%)
31 (10%)
30 (10%)
Average PM2.5 during pregnancy, median (IQR)
22.78 (20.58, 24.19) 22.76 (20.65, 24.36) 22.78 (20.38, 24.12)
Average PM2.5 during the first year of life, median (IQR)
22.73 (20.54, 23.88) 22.73 (20.65, 23.95) 22.76 (20.36, 23.83)
Maternal Depression, n (%) Maternal Depression, n (%) Maternal Depression, n (%) Maternal Depression, n (%)
Prenatal depression, yes
104 (17%)
57 (19%)
47 (16%)
Postpartum depression, yes
145 (25%)
76 (26%)
69 (24%)
Recurrent depression, yes
92 (16%)
49 (17%)
43 (15%)
Respiratory Outcomes (48M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (48M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (48M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (48M), n (%)
Ever wheeze, yes
150 (25%)
86 (28%)
64 (21%)
Current wheeze, yes
72 (12%)
44 (14%)
28 (9%)
Asthma, yes
20 (3%)
11 (4%)
9 (3%)
Respiratory Outcomes (72M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (72M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (72M), n (%) Respiratory Outcomes (72M), n (%)
Ever wheeze, yes
85 (15%)
47 (16%)
38 (13%)
Current wheeze, yes
31 (5%)
20 (7%)
11 (4%)
Asthma, yes
23 (4%)
17 (6%)
6 (2%)
Any ever wheeze 176 (29%) 96 (32%) 80 (27%)
Any current wheeze 79 (14%) 47 (16%) 32 (11%)
Any ever asthma 30 (5%) 19 (6%) 11 (4%)