2.1 Sample collection
A total of 92 adults of C. capitata  were collected in infected orchards from six sites across all biogeographic regions where the species occurs (Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Neotropical, and Australasian) between 2005 and 2012 (Figure 1; Table 1). All flies were preserved in 80% ethanol and kept at -20ºC until used for DNA extraction.