Limited antibody response after BA.4/5 adapted booster vaccination in rheumatic patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: results of a case seriesUlf Martin Geisen1*, Mathias Voß2*, Ruben Rose2*, Franziska Neumann3, Carina Bäumler3, Sina Müller3, Lea Paltzow3, Christina Martínez Christophersen3, Merle Münier3, Elena Hildebrand1, Paula Hoff4, Ann Carolin Longardt5, Thomas Lorentz3, Jan Henrik Schirmer1, Melike Sümbül6, Florian Tran7,8, Dennis Berner1, Helmut Fickenscher2, Sascha Gerdes6, Stefan Schreiber7,8, Andi Krumbholz2,3‡, Bimba Franziska Hoyer1‡1 Medical Department I, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany2 Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany3 Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany4 Department of Rheumatology, Endokrinologikum-Gruppe, Berlin, Germany5 Department of Pediatrics, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany6 Department for Dermatology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany7 Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany8 Department for Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel* ‡These authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author: Bimba Franziska HoyerMedical Department I, Rheumatology and Clinial Immunology,University Medical Center Schleswig-HolsteinArnold-Heller-Str. 324105 KielEmail: bfhoyer@rheuma.uni-kiel.dePhone: +49 431 500 22203

In immunocompetent patients with liver inflammation, the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is important for the diagnosis. Recently, fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs, LIAISON® Murex anti-HEV IgG/anti-HEV IgM test, DiaSorin) have become available for this purpose. The diagnostic suitability of these CLIAs was determined by comparison with a combination of plate-based enzyme immunoassays ( recomWell HEV IgG/IgM ELISA, Mikrogen) and immunoblots ( recomLine HEV IgG/IgM, Mikrogen), which served as a reference for the characterization of sera. Samples with a deviating result were retested with an alternative test (WANTAI HEV IgG/IgM ELISAs). The anti-HEV IgG CLIA had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% (100/100; 49/49) each when the recomWell HEV IgG ELISA served as a reference. The anti-HEV IgM CLIA had a sensitivity of 67.9% (36/53) and a specificity of 100% (49/49). When IgM immunoblot results were considered, sensitivity and specificity were 88.9% (24/27) and 53.8% (14/26), respectively. The WANTAI test confirmed 52.9% (9/17) of negative CLIA IgMs that differed from the recomWell HEV IgM result. The CLIA revealed an isolated and thus probably non-specific HEV IgM in one of 17 patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. The automated CLIAs are well suited for HEV diagnostics.

LetterDelta or Omicron BA.1/2-neutralizing antibody levels and T-cell reactivity after triple-vaccination or infectionTo the editor,In Germany, SARS-CoV-2 infections in fall 2021 were caused by the Delta variant of concern (VOC B.1.617.2), which was completely replaced by the Omicron VOC (BA.1, B.1.529.1/BA.2, B.1.529.2) in winter. Meanwhile, the BA.2 sublineage dominates, apparently having a selection advantage1.We studied the kinetics of anti-spike (S) protein IgG and Delta neutralizing antibodies (NA) as well as the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) from SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells in 152 individuals (117 women, 35 men, median age 41 years) who received two doses of vector vaccine (AstraZeneca, AZD, N=34), mRNA vaccine (BioNTech or Moderna, mRNA, N=62), or a combination of both (N=56) followed by an mRNA vaccine boost (N=81). In a subset of 15 age- and gender-matched vaccinees and in ten triple-vaccinated and two unvaccinated patients with previous BA.1 infection, the Delta- and Omicron BA.1/BA.2 NAs and T-cell reactivity were examined. For comparison, variant-specific antibody responses of unvaccinated patients after infection with Alpha- (N=10) or Beta VOCs (N=1) were included.Within 279 days after the second vaccination, a decrease in anti-S IgG concentrations (Figures S 1A-C) and Delta NA titers (Figure 1A) was measured regardless of the immunization regimen. The booster vaccination led to a significant increase of anti-S IgG concentrations (Figures S1 D-F) and of Delta NA titers (Figure 1B). The IgG levels and Delta NAs reached four weeks after the mRNA vaccine booster were 1.3 - 1.7-fold higher than after the second mRNA dose, but this difference was significant only for IgG (Figures 1A, C; Figures S 1A-C, G-I). The release of IFN-γ as a measure of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell reactivity was demonstrated for months after second vaccination. In contrast to the Delta NA levels, IFN-γ concentrations were independent of the underlying vaccination schedule and increased slightly after the third immunization (Figures 1D, E). The parameters of humoral and cellular immunity decreased again after the booster vaccination (Figures 1C, F; Figures S 1G-I).As reported by others 1-4, NAs to Omicron BA.1 were induced by the mRNA vaccine booster, but also against the predominant BA.2 sublineage, which was previously unclear. The BA.2 NA geometric mean titer (GMT) was higher than the BA.1 NA GMT (Figure 2A). With respect to the results presented in Figures 1C and 2B, we suspect that NAs against the Omicron VOC will decline rapidly after booster vaccination alone. High NA titers against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 and against Delta VOC were exclusively observed in triple-vaccinated individuals two to three weeks after Omicron breakthrough infection (Figure 2A). This indicates broadened immunity covering additional viral variants and may also explain why few BA.2 infections have occurred in this group of individuals to date 5. Because Omicron is a distinct serotype 6, only NAs against this VOC were detectable in two unvaccinated BA.1-infected individuals (Figure 2A), while unvaccinated Alpha- and Beta VOC patients developed isolated NAs against the antigenically more related Delta VOC (Figure S 2A). Accordingly, both BA.1 patients had very low IgG levels against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of a Wuhan-like virus (Figure S 2B), whereas IgGs against the higher preserved nucleocapsidprotein were barely affected (Figures S 2C, D). The results of a surrogate neutralization assay confirmed very limited humoral immunity after Omicron infection alone (Figure S 2E).The increase of IFN-γ release by mRNA booster vaccination was moderate (Figures 1D, E), while the breakthrough infection insignificantly increased IFN-γ release by a factor of 1.9 - 2.6 (Figure 2C).In conclusion, the importance of pre-existing vaccine-induced immunity is clearly demonstrated. The booster vaccination with the conventional mRNA vaccine resulted in measurable BA.1/BA.2 NAs. However, a multivalent vaccine could induce higher titers, which could provide better protection.