Objective Describe changes over time regarding mode of birth and perinatal outcomes in women with one previous caesarean section in the Netherlands over the past 20 years. Design Population-based study. Setting Nationwide. Population All women with one previous caesarean section and no previous vaginal birth, who gave birth to a term singleton in cephalic presentation between 2000 and 2019 (n=143,308). Methods Analysis of Dutch perinatal registry data. Main outcome measures Primary: mode of birth per year, intended vaginal birth versus planned caesarean section. Secondary: failed versus successful vaginal birth in case of intended vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC), and adverse perinatal outcome (perinatal mortality up to 28 days, low Apgar score at 5 minutes, asphyxia, and NICU admission >24 hours). Results A decrease of 21.5% was seen in women with one previous caesarean section intending VBAC in a subsequent pregnancy, from 77.2% in 2000 to 55.7% in 2019, with a marked acceleration from 2009 onwards. The VBAC success rate dropped gradually, from 71.0% to 65.3%. Overall caesarean section rate (planned and unplanned) increased from 45.1% to 63.6%. Adverse perinatal outcomes were higher in women intending VBAC compared to planned caesarean section. However, after an initial decrease, perinatal mortality remained stable from 2009 onwards with only a minimal difference between both modes of birth. Conclusions In the Netherlands, the proportion of women intending VBAC after a previous caesarean section has decreased markedly, particularly from 2009 onwards. This decrease was not accompanied by a synchronous decrease in perinatal mortality after that year.