Results
We estimated the extrinsic incubation temperature of threePlasmodium and two malaria-like parasites-Haemoproteus andLeucocytzoon using one-year field-collected data across four sites in the western Himalaya. Mean daily temperatures were warmest (18°C) for the low elevation site at 1800m (Mandal), followed by the mid elevation site (13°C). The two high elevation sites at 2600m (Kanchula) and 3200m (Shokharakh) had the coolest temperatures, 10°C and 8°C, respectively (as shown in Figure 2).