Layer of ecological network Latent parameter to infer Proxy measure in host Statistical method to infer latent parameter
Pathogen Virulence Observation for symptoms (physical/behavioural) in host Logistic regression of pathogen versus host survival
Basic Reproduction Number Serosurveys or behavioural surveys in host Logistic regression of proxy measure versus time
Presence/absence Laboratory culture of host serosurvey data Latent class model to account for imperfect testing
Host Location Telemetry Home range analyses using kernel density estimation
Infection status Capture-mark-recapture Multi-event analyses
Alive/dead Environmental DNA Dynamic occupancy modelling
Group Membership Social co-dynamics Spatio-temporal analyses
Social Contact Network Social co-dynamics Spatio-temporal analyses
Population Temporal/spatial abundance Camera trapping (presence/absence) Spatio-temporal analyses
Population size Resource abundance Spatio-temporal analyses
Disease prevalence Observation for symptoms (physical/behavioural) in host Latent class models to account for imperfect detections
Metapopulation Connectivity Topography Spatio-temporal analyses
Colonisation Telemetry Spatio-temporal analyses
Gene flow CMR Spatio-temporal analyses
Assemblage Species interactions Prey kills in wild Spatio-temporal analyses
Species distribution Camera trapping (presence/absence) Spatio-temporal analyses
Species richness Stable isotopes Spatio-temporal analyses