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\title{Using Multiple-Covariate Distance Sampling to estimate Djaffa Mountains
Guereza (Colobus guereza gallarum) density and abundance across forest
fragments in Ahmar Mountains, Ethiopia}



\author[1]{Chala Qufa}%
\author[2]{Afework Bekele}%
\author[3]{Dietmar Zinner}%
\author[2]{Anagaw Atickem}%
\affil[1]{Woldia University}%
\affil[2]{Addis Ababa University}%
\affil[3]{German Primate Center (DPZ)}%


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  \date{May 07, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Estimating population densities is essential for understanding primate
ecology and for guiding conservation efforts. Such information, however,
is still scarce for many forest primates. The Djaffa Mountains guereza
(\emph{Colobus guereza gallarum}) is an Ethiopian endemic taxon for
which information about their distribution and population size are
missing. To fill this gap of knowledge, we conducted line-transect
surveys in forest fragments within the range of \emph{C}. \emph{g}.
\emph{gallarum} in the Ahmar Mountains, Eastern Ethiopia. Between
December 2020 and September 2021, we sampled 22 transects, covering a
total distance of 93.7 km. We found considerable variation of encounter
rates among the forest fragments. In total, we encountered 79 guereza
clusters (most likely groups) and estimated their overall population
density as 16.5 clusters/km\textsuperscript{2} (95\%CI = 10.2--24.5) and
83.1 individuals/km\textsuperscript{2} (95\%CI = 50.7--121.1). Their
estimated population size was 15,205 (95\%CI = 9288--22,163)
individuals. This population density is thus lower than of \emph{C}.
\emph{g}. \emph{guereza} in other parts of Ethiopia. Given that the
habitat of \emph{C}. \emph{g}. \emph{gallarum} and its population are
\emph{} highly fragmented, further monitoring of the population and
exploring the possibilities of reconnecting its habitat should be of
conservation priority.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Appendix A- Supplemntary Information.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/460015/articles/579125-using-multiple-covariate-distance-sampling-to-estimate-djaffa-mountains-guereza-colobus-guereza-gallarum-density-and-abundance-across-forest-fragments-in-ahmar-mountains-ethiopia}



\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Main Manuscript_Revised.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/460015/articles/579125-using-multiple-covariate-distance-sampling-to-estimate-djaffa-mountains-guereza-colobus-guereza-gallarum-density-and-abundance-across-forest-fragments-in-ahmar-mountains-ethiopia}

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