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\begin{document}

\title{Echoes of the hunt? An inter-continental comparison of patterns of
growth and determinants of size of brown bears in Canada and Sweden.}



\author[1]{Andreas Zedrosser}%
\author[2]{Marc CAttet}%
\author[3]{Jon Swenson}%
\author[4]{Gordon Stenhouse}%
\affil[1]{University of South-Eastern Norway}%
\affil[2]{University of Saskatchewan}%
\affil[3]{Norwegian University of Life Sciences}%
\affil[4]{fRI Research}%


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  \date{May 03, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Comparing life history traits among populations that have been separated
genetically for several hundred thousand years, but live in similar
habitats on different continents, may help us understand how ecological
and anthropomorphic factors shape life histories. We compared patterns
of growth in body length and mass, and the influence of population
density, habitat quality (NDVI), and reproduction on age-specific length
and mass of male and female brown bears between Alberta, Canada, and
Sweden. We found that Swedish females were significantly smaller in both
length and mass than Alberta females. Swedish females also reached
primiparity earlier and at a smaller mass and length. However, there
were no continental differences in the patterns of growth in males. We
found strong positive effects of NDVI, but only weak negative effects of
population density on female mass and length in both areas. Generally,
especially mass of Alberta females was more strongly affected by NDVI
and density than for Swedish females. Reproduction had stronger negative
effects on female mass in Alberta than in Sweden. We found no effects of
NDVI and population density on male mass and body length in both areas.
The larger variation in female growth and size between the areas, in
contrast to males, may be related to differences in female reproductive
investment due to differences in population trends, i.e., earlier
reproduction in increasing populations or populations below carrying
capacity, or to different selection pressures in the past, potentially
due to human persecution. Swedish females exhibited characteristics
typical of increasing populations, whereas Alberta females exhibited
characteristics typical of stable or decreasing populations. The
difference in reproduction investment means that Swedish bears can be
harvested at higher rates, whereas Alberta bears must be managed more
conservatively.%
\end{abstract}%



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