Abstract
Climate warming is a ubiquitous stressor in freshwater ecosystems, yet
its interactive effects with other stressors are poorly understood. We
address this by testing the ability of three contrasting null models to
predict the joint impacts of warming and a second stressor using a new
database of 296 experimental combinations. Despite concerns that
stressors will interact to cause synergisms, we found that net impacts
were best explained by the effect of the stronger stressor (the
dominance null model), especially if it was associated with human land
use. Prediction accuracy depended on stressor identity and the magnitude
of asymmetry between their effects. These findings suggest we can often
effectively forecast impacts of multiple stressors by focusing on the
stronger stressor, as habitat alteration and contamination often
override the biological consequences of higher temperatures in
freshwater ecosystems.