Extent of Hypertension and Renal Injury in Children Surviving Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Abstract
Background: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) fortunately has
high survival rates, and understanding longer-term implications of
therapy is critical. In this study, we aimed to investigate kidney
health outcomes by assessing the prevalence of renal dysfunction and
hypertension (HTN) in children with ALL at one to five years after ALL
diagnosis. Methods: This was a single center, cross-sectional study of
children with ALL who were 1-5 years post diagnosis. GFR measurements
were calculated, and urine samples were collected to assess for
protein/creatinine and albumin/creatinine. Blood pressure (BP) was
determined by standard oscillometric technique, and children
>6 years of age were eligible for ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring (ABPM). Results: Forty-five patients enrolled in the study,
21 completed ABPMs. Fifteen patients (33%, 95% CI: 20-49%) developed
AKI at least once. Thirteen (29%, 95% CI: 16-44%) had
hyperfiltration, and 11 (24%) had abnormal proteinuria and/or
albuminuria. Prevalence of HTN based on clinic measurements was 42%. In
the 21 ABPM patients, 14 had abnormal results (67%, 95% CI: 43-85%)
with the majority (11/21) demonstrating abnormal nocturnal dipping
pattern. . Conclusions: Among children with ALL, there is a high
prevalence of past AKI. The presence of hyperfiltration, proteinuria
and/or albuminuria at 1-5 years after ALL diagnosis suggest real risk of
developing CKD over time. There is a high prevalence of HTN on casual BP
readings and even higher prevalence of abnormal ABPM in this group. The
high prevalence of impaired nocturnal dipping by ABPM indicates an
increased risk for future cardiovascular or cerebral ischemic events.